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Câu 1: In the Long-Run Phillips Curve, what is the relationship between inflation and unemployment?
- - There is a stable trade-off between inflation and unemployment
- - Inflation and unemployment are negatively correlated
- - There is no trade-off; unemployment remains at its natural rate regardless of inflation
- - Higher inflation leads to lower unemployment permanently
Câu 2: According to the Fisher Effect, how does an increase in the expected inflation rate affect interest rates?
- - The real interest rate increases by the same amount
- - The nominal interest rate increases by the same amount
- - The nominal interest rate remains unchanged
- - The real interest rate decreases to zero
Câu 3: What does the 'Quantity Theory of Money' conclude about the relationship between money supply and the price level, assuming velocity and real output are constant?
- - An increase in money supply leads to a proportional increase in the price level
- - An increase in money supply leads to a decrease in the price level
- - There is no relationship between money supply and the price level
- - An increase in money supply leads to an increase in real GDP
Câu 4: What is measured by the 'GDP Deflator'?
- - The ratio of Nominal GDP to Real GDP multiplied by 100
- - The total volume of physical production in an economy
- - The difference between GDP and GNP
- - The average income of a citizen in a country
Câu 5: What is the primary difference between Real GDP and Nominal GDP?
- - Nominal GDP is adjusted for inflation while Real GDP is not
- - Real GDP is adjusted for inflation while Nominal GDP is measured in current prices
- - Real GDP includes transfer payments while Nominal GDP does not
- - Nominal GDP only counts services while Real GDP counts both goods and services
Câu 6: Under a system of floating exchange rates, if the demand for a country's exports increases, what happens to its currency?
- - The currency appreciates
- - The currency depreciates
- - The central bank must lower interest rates
- - The value of the currency remains fixed
Câu 7: Which type of unemployment is associated with the time workers spend searching for jobs that best suit their skills and tastes?
- - Structural unemployment
- - Cyclical unemployment
- - Frictional unemployment
- - Seasonal unemployment
Câu 8: Which of the following is considered a 'transfer payment' and therefore excluded from GDP?
- - The salary of a public school teacher
- - A Social Security check sent to a retiree
- - Government purchase of a new jet fighter
- - A payment made to a construction firm for a new highway
Câu 9: In the context of the Solow Growth Model, what is the primary determinant of long-run economic growth in output per worker?
- - The savings rate
- - The rate of population growth
- - Technological progress
- - Capital accumulation without technical change
Câu 10: Which of the following describes the 'shoe-leather cost' of inflation?
- - The cost of changing price tags and catalogs
- - The resources wasted when people change their behavior to reduce money holdings during high inflation
- - The unintended redistribution of wealth from creditors to debtors
- - The distortion of relative prices leading to misallocation of resources
Câu 11: If a person loses their job because their skills are no longer needed due to technological change, what type of unemployment is this?
- - Frictional
- - Structural
- - Cyclical
- - Voluntary
Câu 12: What does a 'menu cost' refer to in macroeconomics?
- - The cost of food in a restaurant
- - The costs firms incur when they change their prices
- - The cost of government regulation on small businesses
- - The tax paid by consumers on luxury goods
Câu 13: In an open economy, if a country has a trade deficit, which of the following must be true?
- - National saving is greater than domestic investment
- - Domestic investment is greater than national saving
- - Net exports are positive
- - The country is lending more to foreigners than it is borrowing
Câu 14: Which of the following is an example of an 'automatic stabilizer' in the economy?
- - A new law passed by Congress to increase infrastructure spending
- - The decision by the Central Bank to lower interest rates
- - Progressive income taxes that decrease as household income falls
- - The imposition of a new tariff on imported goods
Câu 15: What is 'stagflation' characterized by in the AD-AS model?
- - Falling prices and rising unemployment
- - Rising prices and falling unemployment
- - Rising prices and rising unemployment
- - Falling prices and falling unemployment
Câu 16: What does the 'Laffer Curve' illustrate?
- - The relationship between inflation and unemployment
- - The relationship between tax rates and tax revenue
- - The relationship between economic growth and income inequality
- - The relationship between money supply and interest rates
Câu 17: What is the 'Liquidity Trap'?
- - A situation where nominal interest rates are so low that monetary policy becomes ineffective
- - A situation where the government cannot pay its debts
- - A rapid increase in the velocity of money
- - When banks have too many reserves and refuse to lend
Câu 18: If the Central Bank conducts an open market purchase of government bonds, what is the most likely immediate effect?
- - The money supply increases and interest rates fall
- - The money supply decreases and interest rates rise
- - Government spending decreases automatically
- - The reserve requirement for commercial banks increases
Câu 19: According to the Classical Dichotomy, which of the following variables is affected by changes in the money supply in the long run?
- - Real GDP
- - The real interest rate
- - The price level
- - The unemployment rate
Câu 20: What is the primary goal of expansionary fiscal policy?
- - To reduce the budget deficit
- - To decrease the money supply
- - To stimulate Aggregate Demand and increase output
- - To lower the inflation rate
Câu 21: Which of the following occurs during the 'crowding out' effect?
- - Government spending increases lead to lower interest rates and higher investment
- - Higher taxes lead to a decrease in government debt
- - Government borrowing increases interest rates, which reduces private investment
- - Private investment increases because of a decrease in the money supply
Câu 22: Which of the following would cause a rightward shift in the Short-Run Aggregate Supply (SRAS) curve?
- - An increase in the expected future price level
- - A decrease in the price of key inputs like oil
- - An increase in nominal wages
- - A decrease in the money supply
Câu 23: What is the 'Natural Rate of Unemployment'?
- - Zero percent unemployment
- - The level of unemployment that exists when the economy is at its potential output
- - The unemployment rate during a deep recession
- - The rate of unemployment caused only by government regulations
Câu 24: If the Marginal Propensity to Consume (MPC) is 0.8, what is the value of the simple spending multiplier?
- - 1.25
- - 4
- - 5
- - 8
Câu 25: What does the Consumer Price Index (CPI) primarily measure?
- - The total value of all goods and services produced in an economy
- - The change in the average price level of a basket of goods and services consumed by households
- - The change in the price of raw materials used by manufacturers
- - The difference between export prices and import prices