Đề 12 – Bài tập, đề thi trắc nghiệm online Bảo hiểm trong thương mại quốc tế

An open cargo policy provides continuous coverage for all shipments made by the insured within a defined period, simplifying insurance for frequent shippers. A specific cargo policy is tailored to insure a single, particular shipment, offering flexibility for infrequent or unique shipments.

Generally, air freight is considered a lower risk mode of transport for cargo insurance due to faster transit times, reduced exposure to perils, and often more secure handling, resulting in comparatively lower premiums than sea freight which has longer transit times and greater exposure to risks.

Incoterms define the point of risk transfer. Knowing this point is vital to establish whether the seller′s or buyer′s insurance policy should cover the damage, as liability follows the risk of loss as defined by the agreed Incoterm.

Exchange rate risk insurance, or currency risk insurance, is specifically designed to protect businesses from losses resulting from unfavorable changes in exchange rates between the time a contract is agreed upon and when payment is received.

Incoterms define the responsibilities of buyers and sellers in international trade transactions, crucially including the point of risk transfer. This point directly influences who is responsible for insuring the goods during different stages of transport.

`Inherent vice′ refers to the natural deterioration or defect of the goods themselves, which is often excluded from standard cargo insurance policies as it′s not due to external perils but the nature of the goods.

CIF Incoterms specifically state that the seller (exporter) is responsible for arranging and paying for the minimum level of cargo insurance to cover the buyer′s risk of loss or damage during transit to the named port of destination.

In marine insurance, `Average′ is a historical term that signifies partial loss or damage to the insured cargo or vessel. It distinguishes from `Total Loss′, where the insured item is completely destroyed or lost.

Cargo insurance is designed to cover goods while they are being transported by sea, air, rail, or road, protecting against physical loss or damage from various perils during transit.

Without insurance, the exporter bears the full financial burden of any loss or damage to the goods during shipment. This can lead to substantial financial setbacks, especially for larger shipments or high-value goods.

In a General Average situation like this, the loss from the jettisoned cargo (and any related expenses to save the voyage) is considered a common sacrifice for the benefit of all. Therefore, these losses are shared proportionally by all parties involved, ensuring no single party unfairly bears the entire burden.

Credit insurance, also known as export credit insurance, protects exporters against the risk of non-payment by foreign buyers due to commercial or political reasons.

Insurance plays a critical role by providing a safety net against various risks in international trade. By mitigating potential financial losses from events like cargo damage, non-payment, or political instability, it builds trust, encourages trade, and underpins the security of international commerce.

Insurance provides a safety net for exporters by covering potential financial losses stemming from risks like cargo damage, non-payment, or political instability, thus fostering confidence and security in international trade.

The principle of `utmost good faith′ requires both the insurer and the insured to be honest and transparent, disclosing all relevant information that could affect the risk assessment and the terms of the insurance contract. This is crucial for fair and valid insurance agreements.

Political risk insurance reduces the financial uncertainties associated with operating in politically volatile regions. By covering risks like expropriation or currency inconvertibility, it encourages businesses to trade and invest in markets they might otherwise avoid due to perceived political dangers.

The `insured′ is the party who purchases the insurance policy and is entitled to receive compensation in case of a covered loss. In international trade, this is usually the exporter or importer seeking to protect their financial interests.

Political risk insurance policies often have specific exclusions, and coverage can vary significantly depending on the country and the nature of the political risks. Not all political events or countries are insurable, and policies may have limitations on the scope of coverage.

Protection and Indemnity (P&I) insurance is specifically designed to cover a shipowner′s third-party liabilities, which can include a wide range of risks beyond damage to the ship itself, focusing on liabilities to other parties.

Insurance in international trade serves as a risk management tool, primarily aiming to reduce potential financial losses caused by unexpected events such as damage, loss, or non-payment.

Credit insurance, at its core, addresses the risk of non-payment, and buyer insolvency is a major aspect of this risk. It protects the seller if the buyer becomes bankrupt or unable to meet their financial obligations.

Marine insurance is a wider term encompassing various types of insurance related to maritime activities, including hull, machinery, and liabilities. Cargo insurance is a specific type of marine insurance focusing solely on the goods being transported.

Insurance premiums are primarily risk-based. The nature of the goods (perishable, fragile, etc.), the destination (high-risk regions), and the scope of coverage sought (all-risks vs. named perils) directly impact the perceived risk and thus the premium.

Prompt notification to the insurance company is crucial to initiate the claims process. This allows the insurer to investigate the incident, assess the damage, and guide the insured on the subsequent steps for claim settlement.

Under-declaring the value of goods to lower insurance premiums is a form of insurance fraud. It breaches the principle of utmost good faith and can lead to policy invalidation and legal penalties if discovered, regardless of whether a loss occurs.

To process a cargo insurance claim, insurers typically require key documents that substantiate the insurance coverage, the value of the goods, proof of shipment, and evidence of the damage. These documents are essential for verifying the loss and calculating the claim amount.

General Average is a legal principle in maritime law where, when a voluntary sacrifice is made to save a ship and its cargo in a common maritime peril, the losses are shared proportionally by all parties with a financial interest in the voyage (ship owner, cargo owners, etc.).

Credit insurance is specifically designed to protect exporters from financial losses due to the buyer′s failure to pay, whether due to insolvency, protracted default, or other reasons, including disputes over quality in some cases.

Political risk insurance addresses risks that are political in nature and beyond typical commercial risks, including government actions, political violence, and economic instability that can disrupt international trade transactions.

A warranty in insurance is a promise by the insured that certain facts are true or certain conditions will be met. Breach of warranty can void the policy, as it′s a fundamental condition for the insurer′s obligation to provide coverage.